Category:

Diabetes

Course Description

Welcome to Homestead School’s Dental Internet course.  Please use the navigation bar on the left hand side to move between sections.

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  7. Text is broken into several chapters and you should be able to go back and forth among these chapters.

  8. Post-Test consists of several true/false or multiple-choice questions which you must answer.  The passing score is 70%.  The test is graded interactively, so you’ll know your score at the end.

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If you would prefer, you can print each section, read the course off-line, and then return and take the quiz on the Internet.  To print the course, click on the Text, click on the center frame, then click file/print/ok.  Repeat this process for each section listed under contents on the left hand side.  Please be advised that the Text section is large, anywhere from 100 to several pages depending upon the course.

Student Course Evaluation Form

We constantly strive to improve the quality and usefulness of our Internet study courses toward your continuing education as a dentist. We ask that you fill out this questionnaire and return it to us with your completed exam or course assignment. This will allow us to monitor the quality of our program and make it responsive to your needs.

  • Category: Diabetes
  • Evaluation of the learning experiences provided by the Internet study course completed: (Check one letter: A = Excellent, B = Good, C = Fair, D = Unsatisfactory)
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Learning Objectives

  1. National Diabetes Statistics
    1. Classify various types of diabetes and their prevalence in the general population.
    2. Describe the prevalence of diabetes among people under 20 years of age, among people 20 years or older, and in various ethnic population groups.
    3. Identify various complications of diabetes and cite mortality figures from the complications.
  2. Diabetes in African Americans
    1. Cite statistics illustrating the magnitude of diabetes among African Americans.
    2. Discuss genetics and medical and lifestyle risk factors that increase the chance of developing type 2 diabetes among African Americans.
    3. Describe how diabetes complications affect African Americans.
  3. Diabetes in Hispanic Americans
    1. Discuss various epidemiology studies about diabetes in Hispanic Americans.
  4. Diabetes in Asian and Pacific Islander Americans
    1. Discuss lifestyle and medical risk factors for diabetes in Asian and Pacific Islander Americans.
  5. Diabetes Diagnosis
    1. Describe the new nomenclature and the criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes.
    2. Discuss with the patient how a diagnosis of diabetes is made.
    3. Identify 7 risk factors for diabetes.
  6. About Pre-Diabetes
    1. Define and answer prediabetes questions, such as the need for testing.
  7. Am I at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
    1. Discuss the results of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) study in preventing or delaying the development of type 2 diabetes.
    2. List 7 signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes.
    3. Provide an overview of the three main kinds of diabetes–type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes.
    4. Identify 7 factors that increase a person’s risk for type 2 diabetes
    5. Advise a patient on the steps he or she can take to reduce the risk of getting diabetes.
  8. Hypoglycemia
    1. Describe how the body controls glucose and list various symptoms of hypoglycemia.
    2. Describe certain rare causes of hypoglycemia.
    3. Describe the pancreatic islet transplantation and explain the benefits and risks of transplantation.
  9. What I Need to Know About Eating and Diabetes
    1. Teach a patient about the importance of eating to control diabetes.
    2. Explain the food pyramid and prescribe proper servings of starches, vegetables, fruit, milk and yogurt, meat, and fats and sweets.
    3. Help a diabetic patient with his or her meal plan.
  10. Kidney Disease of Diabetes
    1. Describe the course of kidney disease through five stages.
    2. Advise a patient in ways of preventing and slowing kidney disease.
  11. Prevent Diabetes Problem: Keep Your Kidneys Healthy
    1. Teach a patient about kidney problems caused by diabetes.
  12. End-Stage Renal Disease: Choosing a Treatment That’s Right For You
    1. Explain to a patient three treatment choices when kidneys fail.
    2. Advise a patient who is on hemodialysis about proper diet.
    3. Describe for a patient hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis and their relative advantages and disadvantages.
    4. Describe kidney transplantation as a treatment of choice for ESRD.
  13. Diabetic Neuropathies: The Nerve Damage of Diabetes
    1. Describe the causes, symptoms and types of diabetic neuropathy.
    2. Describe how autonomic neuropathy affects the nerves in lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder, and sex organs.
    3. Explain to a patient various tests that are done to diagnose neuropathy.
  14. Gastroparesis and Diabetes
    1. Describe gastroparesis, its symptoms, complications and treatment.
  15. Impotence
    1. Define impotence and explain what causes impotence.
    2. Explain how an erection occurs.
    3. Describe the treatment for impotence, including psychotherapy, drug therapy, and surgery.
  16. Keep Your Heart and Blood Vessels Healthy
    1. Teach a diabetic patient about keeping his heart and blood vessels healthy.
  17. Keep Your Diabetes Under Control
    1. Discuss with a patient the importance of keeping the hemoglobin A1c number under control.
  18. Guiding Principles for Diabetes Care
    1. Enunciate 7 principles of quality diabetes treatment.
  19. Medicine For People With Diabetes
    1. Explain to a patient why he or she needs to take medicines for diabetes.
    2. List various types of diabetic pills that help lower blood glucose and identify their mode of action.
    3. Teach a patient how to recognize symptoms of hypoglycemia and what to do if the blood glucose is low.
  20. Alternative Therapies for Diabetes
    1. Discuss various alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, biofeedback, chromium, magnesium and vanadium for the treatment of diabetes.
  21. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)
    1. Discuss the findings of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT).
  22. The Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes
    1. Discuss various clinical studies initiated to determine the feasibility and benefit of various strategies to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
    2. On the basis of these clinical studies, identify potential candidates for screening and intervention, compare lifestyle modification with pharmacological interventions, and evaluate various strategies to prevent diabetes.
  23. diet and Exercise Delay Diabetes
    1. Describe the results of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) trial and compare the relative benefits of lifestyle modification, treatment with metformin and standard medical advice.
  24. Diabetes Prevention Program: Questions & Answers
    1. Answer specific questions posed by a patient about diabetes: its prevalence, diagnosis, prevention, importance of diet and exercise.
  25. Understanding Gestational Diabetes: A Practical Guide to Healthy Pregnancy
    1. Describe the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes.
    2. List factors indicative of women who might develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy.
    3. Explain the 50-gram and 3-hour glucose tests for tolerance gestational diabetes.
    4. Explain how gestational diabetes affects pregnancy and how it may affect the baby.
    5. Answer the question often asked by pregnant women: How much weight should I gain?
    6. Provide guidance to a pregnant woman about the optimal intake of six food groups during pregnancy.
    7. Describe various tests done to assess the condition of the fetus before birth.
    8. Advise a pregnant woman about the importance of diet and exercise to control her blood sugars.
  26. Consequences of Alcohol Use in Diabetes
    1. Explain the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus.
    2. Describe the blood glucose regulation by insulin in healthy people and in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
    3. Describe the effects of alcohol consumption on blood sugar levels of diabetics.
    4. Contrast the effects of alcohol consumption in the fed and fasting states of diabetics.
    5. Describe the alcohol’s effects on complications of diabetes, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, lipid metabolism, cardiovascular disease, peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy.

 

To assess the effectiveness of the course material, we ask that you evaluate your achievement of each learning objective on a scale of A to D (A=excellent, B=good, C=fair, D=unsatisfactory). Please indicate your responses next to each learning objective and return it to us with your completed exam.

Table of Contents

  1. National Diabetes Statistics
    • What Is Diabetes?
    • Types of Diabetes
    • Treatment of Diabetes
    • Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose
    • Prevention of Diabetes
    • Prevention of Diabetes Complications
    • Glucose Control
    • Blood Pressure Control
    • Control of Blood Lipids
    • Preventive Care Practices For Eyes, Kidneys, and Feet
    • Methods
    • Prevalence of Diabetes
    • Prevalence of Diabetes Among People Under 20 Years of Age
    • Prevalence of Diabetes Among People 20 Years or Older
    • Prevalence of Diabetes by Race/Ethnicity Among People 20 Years or Older
    • Incidence of Diabetes
    • Deaths Among People With Diabetes
    • Complications of Diabetes
    • Stroke
    • High Blood Pressure
    • Blindness
    • Kidney Disease
    • Nervous System Disease
    • Amputations
    • Dental Disease
    • Complications of Pregnancy
    • Other Complications
    • Cost of Diabetes in the United States
    • Heart Disease
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  2. Diabetes in African Americans
    • How Many African Americans Have Diabetes?
    • What Risk Factors Increase the Chance of Developing Type 2 Diabetes?
    • Genetic Risk Factors
    • Medical Risk Factors
    • Figure 1. Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes in African Americans, U.S., 1988-94.
    • Gestational Diabetes (GDM)
    • Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance
    • Obesity
    • Physical Activity
    • How Does Diabetes Affect African American Children?
    • How Does Diabetes Affect African American Women During Pregnancy?
    • Figure 2. Time trends in the percentage of adolescents and adults in the U.S. who are overweight, U.S., 1988-94
    • How Do Diabetes Complications Affect African Americans?
    • Eye Disease
    • Kidney Failure
    • Amputations
    • Does Diabetes Cause Excess Deaths in African Americans?
    • How Is NIDDK Addressing the Problem of Diabetes in African Americans?
    • Prevention
    • Figure 3. Mortality rates in African American and white diabetic men and women in a sample of the U.S. population, 1971-1993.
    • National Diabetes Education Program
    • Points to Remember
    • REFERENCES
  3. Diabetes in Hispanic Americans
    • Major Studies of Diabetes in Hispanic Americans
    • How Many Hispanic Americans Have Diabetes?
    • Table 1. Hispanic American Populations in the United States and Percentage With Diabetes
    • Figure 1. Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes in Mexican Americans, U.S., 1988-94
    • What Factors Increase the Chance of Developing Type 2 Diabetes?
    • Genetic Risk Factors
    • Figure 2. Genetic origins of the major Hispanic subgroups in the United States
    • Medical and Lifestyle Risk Factors
    • Prediabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose)
    • Gestational Diabetes
    • Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance
    • Obesity
    • Physical Activity
    • Figure 3. Prevalence of overweight individuals among whites, blacks, and Mexican Americans in the population, 1988-91
    • How Does Diabetes Affect Hispanic Young People?
    • How Does Diabetes Affect Hispanic Women During Pregnancy?
    • How Do Diabetes Complications Affect Hispanic Americans?
    • Eye Disease
    • Kidney Disease
    • Nerve Disease
    • Peripheral Vascular Disease
    • Heart Disease
    • How Is NIDDK Addressing the Problem of Diabetes in Hispanic Americans?
    • Diabetes Prevention Program
    • National Diabetes Education Program
    • Points to Remember
    • REFERENCES
  4. Diabetes in American Indians and Alaska Natives
    • How Many American Indians and Alaska Natives Have Diabetes?
    • Type 2 Diabetes
    •  
    • Table 1. Age-adjusted prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among American Indians/Alaska Natives, age 20 and older, by group of tribes–United States, 1997
    • Table 2. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among American Indians/Alaska Natives and non-Hispanic whites, age 20 and older, by age and sex– United States, 1997.
    • Type 1 Diabetes
    • What Risk Factors Increase the Chance?
    • Genetic Risk Factors
    • Medical and Lifestyle Risk Factors
    • Obesity
    • Diet and Physical Inactivity
    • Prediabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance and
    • Impaired Fasting Glucose)
    • Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance
    • How Does Diabetes Affect American Indian and Alaska Native Women During Pregnancy?
    • How Does Diabetes Affect Cardiovascular Health in American Indians and Alaska Natives?
    • Ischemic Heart Disease
    • Stroke
    • Hypertension
    • How Do Diabetes Complications Affect American Indians and Alaska Natives
    • Diabetic Retinopathy
    • Cataracts
    • Diabetic Nephropathy
    • Lower Extremity Amputation
    • Periodontal Disease
    • Infections
    • Does Diabetes Cause an Inordinate Number of Deaths in American Indians and Alaska Natives?
    • How Is NIDDK Addressing the Problem of Diabetes in American Indians?
    • Diabetes Prevention Program
    • Points to Remember
    • REFERENCES
  5. Diabetes in Asian and Pacific Islander Americans
    • Table 1. Asian and Pacific Islander ethnicities in the United States
    • How Many Asian and Pacific Islander Americans Have Diabetes?
    • Type 2 Diabetes
    • Table 2. Prevalence of diabetes in the United States in non-Hispanic white people, Asian Americans, and Native Hawaiians.
    • Type 1 Diabetes
    • What Risk Factors Increase the Chance That Asian and Pacific Islander Americans Will Develop Type 2 Diabetes?
    • Genetic Risk Factors
    • Lifestyle and Medical Risk Factors
    • Obesity
    • Diet and Physical Inactivity
    • Prediabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose)
    • Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance
    • How Does Diabetes Affect Asian and Pacific Islander American Women During Pregnancy?
    • How Does Diabetes Affect Cardiovascular Health in Asian and Pacific Islander Americans?
    • How Do Diabetes Complications Affect Asian and Pacific Islander Americans?
    • Diabetic Retinopathy
    • Diabetic Nephropathy
    • Lower Extremity Amputation
    • Does Diabetes Cause an Inordinate Number of Deaths in Asian and Pacific Islander Americans?
    • How Is NIDDK Addressing the Problem of Diabetes in Asian and Pacific Islander Americans?
    • Diabetes Prevention Program
    • Points to Remember
    • REFERENCES
  6. Diabetes Diagnosis
    • Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Blood Sugar
  7. About Pre-Diabetes
    • How Do You Tell If You Have Pre-Diabetes?
    • What You Can Do
    • Frequently Asked Questions
    • Q: What is pre-diabetes and how is it different from diabetes?
    • Q: Is pre-diabetes the same as Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Impaired Fasting Glucose?
    • Q: Why do we need to give it a new name? Has the condition changed?
    • Q: How do I know if I have pre-diabetes?
    • Q: How does the FPG test define diabetes and pre-diabetes?
    • Q: How does the OGTT define diabetes and pre-diabetes?
    • Q: Which test is better?
    • Q: Why do I need to know if I have pre-diabetes?
    • Q: Will my insurance cover testing and treatment?
    • Q: What is the treatment for pre-diabetes?
    • Q: Who should get tested for pre-diabetes?
    • Q: How often should I be tested?
    • Q: Could I have pre-diabetes and not know it?
    • Q: Should children be screened for pre-diabetes?
  8. Am I At Risk For Type 2 Diabetes?
    • What Is Type 2 Diabetes?
    • How Can Type 2 Diabetes Be Prevented?
    • What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes?
    • Types of Diabetes
    • Type 1 Diabetes
    • Type 2 Diabetes
    • Gestational Diabetes
    • Should I Be Tested For Diabetes?
    • What Does It Mean to Have Pre-Diabetes?
    • Besides Age and Overweight, What Other Factors Increase My Risk For Type 2 Diabetes?
    • What Can I Do About My Risk?
    • Doing My Part: Getting Started
    • Reach and Maintain a Reasonable Body Weight
    • Make Wise Food Choices Most of the Time
    • Be Physically Active Every Day
    • Take Your Prescribed Medications
  9. Hypoglycemia
    • How Does the Body Control Glucose?
    • What Are the Symptoms of Hypoglycemia?
    • Hypoglycemia in Diabetes
    • Managing Hypoglycemia in Diabetes
    • Other Causes of Hypoglycemia
    • Diagnosis
    • Reactive Hypoglycemia
    • Rare Causes of Hypoglycemia
    • RESOURCES ON HYPOGLYCEMIA
    • ADDITIONAL READINGS
  10. What I Need to Know About Eating and Diabetes
    • How Food Affects Your Blood Glucose
    • Blood-glucose Levels
    • Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitors
    • How Can I Keep My Blood Glucose at a Health Level?
    • Why Should I Eat About the Same Amount at the Same Times Each Day?
    • Your Diabetes Medicines
    • Your Exercise Plan
    • Hypoglycemia
    • The Food Pyramid
    • Starches
    • Vegetables
    • Fruit
    • Milk and Yogurt
    • Meat and Meat Substitutes
    • Fats and Sweets
    • Alcohol
    • Your Meal Plan
    • Measuring Your Food
    • When You Are Sick
    • Points to Remember
    • How to Find More Help
  11. Kidney Disease of Diabetes
    • Prevent Diabetes Problems: Keep Your Kidneys Healthy
    • The Course of Kidney Disease
    • Five Stages
    • Effects of High Blood Pressure
    • Preventing and Slowing Kidney Disease
    • Blood Pressure Medicines
    • Low-Protein Diets
    • Intensive Management of Blood Glucose
    • Dialysis and Transplantation
    • Good Care Makes a Difference
    • Looking to the Future
    • REFERENCES
  12. Prevent Diabetes Problems: Keep Your Kidneys Healthy
    • What are diabetes problems?
    •  
    • What should I do each day to stay healthy with diabetes?
    •  
    • What do my kidneys do?
    •  
    • How can I prevent diabetes kidney problems?
    •  
    • Is there a medicine to slow down kidney damage?
    •  
    • How can my doctor protect my kidneys during special x-ray tests?
    •  
    • How can diabetes hurt my kidneys?
    •  
    • What can I do if I have diabetes kidney problems?
    •  
    • How will I know if my kidneys fail?
    •  
    • What happens if my kidneys fail?
    •  
    • Will I know if I start to have kidney problems?
    •  
    • How can I find out if I have kidney problems?
    •  
    • Will my doctor do other kidney tests?
  13. End-Stage Renal Disease: Choosing a Treatment That’s Right For You
    • When Your Kidneys Fail
    • Treatment Choice: Hemodialysis
    • Purpose
    • How It Works
    • Getting Ready
    • Who Performs It
    • The Time it Takes
    • Possible Complications
    • Your Diet
    • Pros and Cons
    • Working With Your Health-Care Team
    • Treatment Choice: Peritoneal Dialysis
    • Purpose
    • How It Works
    • Getting Ready
    • Types of Peritoneal Dialysis
    • Possible Complications
    • Your Diet
    • Pros and Cons
    • Working With Your Health-Care Team
    • Dialysis Is Not a Cure
    • Treatment Choice: Kidney Transplantation
    • Purpose
    • How It Works
    • Getting Ready
    • The Time It Takes
    • Possible Complications
    • Your Diet
    • Pros and Cons
    • Working With Your Health-Care Team
    • Conclusion
    • Paying for Treatment
    • Medicare
    • Private Insurance
    • Medicaid
    • Veterans Administration (VA) Benefits
    • Social Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Income (SSDI)
    • Organizations That Can Help
    • Additional Reading
  14. Diabetic Neuropathies: The Nerve Damage of Diabetes
    • Causes
    • Symptoms
    • Types of Diabetic Neuropathy
    • Neuropathy Affects Nerves Throughout the Body
    • Peripheral Neuropathy
    • Autonomic Neuropathy
    • Proximal Neuropathy
    • Focal Neuropathy
    • Peripheral Neuropathy
    • Autonomic Neuropathy
    • Unawareness of Hypoglycemia
    • Heart and Circulatory System
    • Digestive System
    • Urinary Tract and Sex Organs
    • Sweat Glands
    • Eyes
    • Proximal Neuropathy
    • Focal Neuropathy
    • Preventing Diabetic Neuropathy
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Foot Care
    • Pain Relief
    • Gastrointestinal Problems
    • Dizziness and Weakness
    • Urinary and Sexual Problems
    • Points to Remember
    • Hope Through Research
    • For More Information
  15. Gastroparesis and Diabetes
    • What Is Gastroparesis?
    • Symptoms
    • Complications of Gastroparesis
    • Major Causes of Gastroparesis
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
    • Insulin For Blood Glucose Control in People With Diabetes
    • Medication
    • Meal and Food Changes
    • Feeding Tube
    • Parenteral Nutrition
    • Points to Remember
  16. Impotence
    • How Does an Erection Occur?
    • What Causes Impotence?
    • How Is Impotence Diagnosed?
    • Patient History
    • Physical Examination
    • Laboratory Tests
    • Other Tests
    • Psychosocial Examination
    • How Is Impotence Treated?
    • Psychotherapy
    • Drug Therapy
    • Vacuum Devices
    • Surgery
    • What Will the Future Bring?
    • Points to Remember
    • Resources for More Information
  17. Keep Your Nervous System Healthy
    • What Are Diabetes Problems?
    • What Can I Do Each Day to Stay Healthy With Diabetes?
    • What Can I Do to Prevent Diabetes From Damaging My Nervous System?
    • What Can I Do to Take Care of My Feet?
    • What Does My Nervous System Do?
    • How Can Diabetes Hurt My Nervous System?
    • How Can Diabetes Damage to The Peripheral Nerves Affect Me?
    • How Can Diabetes Damage to the Autonomic Nerves Affect Me?
    • How Can Diabetes Damage to the Cranial Nerves Affect Me?
    • How Do I Know if I Have Nerve Damage?
    • For More Information
  18. Keep Your Heart and Blood Vessels Healthy
    • What Are Diabetes Problems?
    • What Can I Do Each Day to Stay Healthy With Diabetes?
    • What Can I Do to Prevent Diabetes From Damaging My Nervous System?
    • What Can I Do to Take Care of My Feet?
    • What Does My Nervous System Do?
    • How Can Diabetes Hurt My Nervous System?
    • How Can Diabetes Damage to The Peripheral Nerves Affect Me?
    • How Can Diabetes Damage to the Autonomic Nerves Affect Me?
    • How Can Diabetes Damage to the Cranial Nerves Affect Me?
    • How Do I Know if I Have Nerve Damage?
    • For More Information
  19. Keep Your Feet and Skin Healthy
    • What Are Diabetes Problems?
    • What Should I Do Each Day to Stay Healthy With Diabetes?
    • How Can Diabetes Hurt My Feet?
    • What Can I Do To Take Care of My Feet?
    • How Can I Get My Doctor to Help Me Take Care of My Feet?
    • What Are Common Diabetes Foot Problems?
    • How Can Special Shoes Help My Feet?
    • How Can Diabetes Hurt My Skin?
    • What Can I Do to Take Care of My Skin?
    • Take Care of Your Feet for a Lifetime
    • Tips For Proper Footwear
    • Steps For Preventing Foot Problems
    • Annual Comprehensive Diabetes Foot Exam
  20. Keep Your Teeth and Gums Healthy
    • What Are Diabetes Problems?
    • What Should I Do Each Day to Stay Healthy With Diabetes?
    • How Can Diabetes Hurt My Teeth and Gums?
    • How Do I Know If I Have Damage to My Teeth and Gums?
    • How Can I Keep My Teeth and Gums Healthy?
    • How Can My Dentist Take Care of My Teeth and Gums?
    • For More Information
  21. Keep Your Diabetes Under Control
    • What Are Diabetes Problems?
    • Will I Have Diabetes Problems?
    • What Should My Blood Sugar Numbers Be?
    • How Can I Find Out What My Average Blood Sugar Is?
    • Check Your Hemoglobin Alc I.Q.
    • Answers to the Hemoglobin A1c I.Q. Quiz
    • What Should I Do About Blood Pressure?
    • What Should I Know and Do About Smoking?
    • What Else Can I Do to Prevent Diabetes Problems?
    • Things to Check For Good Diabetes Care
    • How to Use the Daily Diabetes Record Page
    • Blood sugar checks
    • Medicines
    • Notes
  22. Guiding Principles for Diabetes Care: For Health-Care Providers
    • Introduction
    • Principle 1: Screening High-Risk People and Diagnosing Diabetes
    • Principle 2: On-Going Care
    • Principle 3: Diabetes Education
    • Principle 4: Treating Hyperglycemia
    • Principle 5: Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Control and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
    • Principle 6: Preventing and Diagnosing Long-Term Diabetes Problems
    • Principle 7: Screening For and Treating Long-Term Diabetes Problems
  23. Medicines for People With Diabetes
    • Do I Need to Take Diabetes Medicine?
    • What if I have type 1 diabetes?
    • What if I have type 2 diabetes?
    • Why do I need medicines for type 1 diabetes?
    • Specific insulin
    • Why Do I Need Medicines for Type 2 Diabetes?
    • What Do I Need to Know About Diabetes Pills?
    • Specific Pills
    • Oral Drugs
    • What Do I Need to Know About Insulin?
    • Can insulin be taken as a pill?
    • How does insulin work?
    • How often should I take insulin?
    • When should I take insulin?
    • Are there several types of insulin?
    • Does insulin work the same all the time?
    • Where on my body should I inject insulin?
    • How should I store insulin?
    • What are possible side effects of insulin?
    • Might I Take More Than One Diabetes Medicine at a Time?
    • What Should I Know About Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)?
    • How Do I Know If My Diabetes Medicines Are Working?
  24. Alternative Therapies for Diabetes
    • Acupuncture
    • Biofeedback
    • Chromium
    • Magnesium
    • Vanadium
    • Additional Information on Alternative Therapies for Diabetes
  25. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)
    • What Is the DCCT?
    • DCCT Study Findings
    • How Did Intensive Treatment Affect Diabetic Eye Disease?
    • How Did Intensive Treatment Affect Diabetic Kidney Disease?
    • How Did Intensive Treatment Affect Diabetic Nerve Disease?
    • How Did Intensive Treatment Affect Diabetes-Related Cardiovascular Disease?
    • Elements of Intensive Management in the DCCT
    • What Are the Risks of Intensive Treatment?
  26. The Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes
    • Introduction
    • Should We Attempt To Prevent Diabetes?
    • Who Are Potential Candidates For Screening and Intervention?
    • Choice of Screening Test
    • Age Considerations and Screening Frequency
    • How Should Diabetes Prevention Be Performed?
    • How Should Diabetes Prevention Be Performed?
    • Lifestyle Modification
    • Pharmacological Interventions
    • Lifestyle or Medication?
    • How Do Strategies to Prevent Diabetes Differ From Those to Treat Diabetes?
    • What Additional Research Is Needed?
    • Conclusions
    • REFERENCES
  27. Diet and Exercise Delay Diabetes and Normalize Blood Glucose
  28. Diabetes Prevention Program: Questions & Answers
    • What Is Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)?
    • How does the fasting blood glucose test differ from the oral glucose tolerance test?
    • For a person with IGT, what is the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
    • How many people in the U.S. have IGT? Would the DPP interventions benefit all of them?
    • How do the DPP results compare to the findings of other type 2 diabetes prevention studies?
    • How do diet and physical activity work to prevent diabetes?
    • What were the goals of DPP’s lifestyle intervention arm?
    • What dietary advice did participants receive?
    • Lifestyle intervention more effectively reduced diabetes risk than metformin. Within each arm, did certain groups of DPP participants benefit more from the intervention than other groups?
    • Did the DPP volunteers in the lifestyle group benefit more from one lifestyle change than the other, e.g., more from exercise than from diet or vice versa?
    • Lifestyle changes with diet and exercise reduced diabetes risk, as did treatment with metformin. By combining these interventions, could diabetes risk be reduced even further?
    • Would the new formulation of metformin, Glucophage XR, be helpful to people with IGT?
    • Do the DPP interventions affect the risk of cardiovascular disease, an important cause of mortality in people with type 2 diabetes?
    • Are there any plans to get information about the DPP to the public and health- care professionals?
    • What is the estimated cost of the DPP interventions?
    • Were there any deaths or serious injuries in the study resulting from metformin treatment or the lifestyle changes?
    • Were there adverse effects associated with the interventions?
    • What will happen to the volunteers who took part in the DPP?
    • What happened to the DPP volunteers who developed diabetes?
    • Are diet and exercise beneficial even after diabetes develops?
  29. Understanding Gestational Diabetes A Practical Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy
    • What is gestational diabetes and what causes it?
    • How does gestational diabetes differ from other types of diabetes?
    • Who is at risk for developing gestational diabetes and how is it detected?
    • How does gestational diabetes affect pregnancy and will it hurt my baby?
    • What can be done to reduce problems associated with gestational diabetes?
    • Diet and Weight Gain
    • Why is a special diet recommended?
    • How much weight should I gain?
    • How should I eat during my pregnancy?
    • Other Nutritional and Nonnutritional Considerations
    • Alcohol
    • Salt
    • Caffeine
    • Megavitamins
    • Smoking
    • What food patterns help keep blood sugar levels normal?
    • How do I plan meals?
    • What can be done to slow weight gain during pregnancy?
    • Is breast-feeding recommended?
    • Glucose Monitoring
    • What is self-blood glucose monitoring?
    • How often and when should I test?
    • How should I record my test results?
    • Are there any other tests I should know about?
    • How do I test for ketones?
    • When do I test for ketones?
    • Is it ever necessary to take insulin?
    • Will my baby be healthy?
    • Does gestational diabetes affect labor and delivery?
    • Should I expect my baby to have any problems?
    • Will I develop diabetes in the future?
    • Exercise
    • Should I exercise?
    • What happens if diet and exercise fail to control my blood sugars?
    • Can my blood sugar level go too low, and if so, what do I do?
    • Glossary
  30. Consequences of Alcohol Use in Diabetics
    • Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
    • The Pancreas and Its Hormones
    • Alcohol’s Effects on Blood Sugar Levels of Diabetics
    • Effects of Alcohol Consumption in the Fed State
    • Effects of Alcohol Consumption in the Fasting State
    • Alcohol’s Effects on Complications of Diabetes
    • Diabetic Ketoacidosis
    • Alterations of Lipid Metabolism
    • Elevated Triglyceride Levels.
    • Reduced LDL Cholesterol Levels.
    • Elevated HDL Cholesterol Levels.
    • Cardiovascular Disease
    • Peripheral Neuropathy
    • Retinopathy
    • Medication Interactions
    • Summary
    • REFERENCES

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